Which factor causes the clinical manifestations of COPD?

Which factor causes the clinical manifestations of COPD?

Smoking. About 85 to 90 percent of all COPD cases are caused by cigarette smoking. When a cigarette burns, it creates more than 7,000 chemicals, many of which are harmful.

What are systemic manifestations of COPD?

However, COPD has important manifestations beyond the lungs, the so-called systemic effects. These include unintentional weight loss, skeletal muscle dysfunction, an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and depression, among others.

Which genetic deficiency increases risk for COPD?

Severe alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is the one proven genetic risk factor for COPD.

What are the 2 diseases associated with COPD?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, refers to a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems. It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

What are systemic manifestations?

Systemic means affecting the entire body, rather than a single organ or body part. For example, systemic disorders, such as high blood pressure, or systemic diseases, such as the flu, affect the entire body. An infection that is in the bloodstream is called a systemic infection.

What is an AAT deficiency?

AAT deficiency is an inherited condition. AAT deficiency happens when one or both parents pass on to their children an abnormal version of a gene that regulates the production of the AAT protein. Depending on the condition of the inherited genes, a person’s AAT levels may be normal, reduced or absent.

What is the diagnostic criteria for COPD?

COPD should be considered in any patient who has dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum production, and/or a history of exposure to risk factors for the disease. Spirometry is required to make the diagnosis; the presence of a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 0.70 confirms the presence of persistent airflow limitation.

What does clinical manifestation mean?

A clinical manifestation is the physical result of some type of illness or infection. The opportunistic infections associated with HIV include any of the infections that are part of an AIDS-defining classification.