What causes defective efferocytosis?
Efferocytosis may also be compromised by competition for apoptotic cell binding. As atherosclerosis progresses, lesions continue to accumulate lipids and ROS, leading to increased levels of oxidized phospholipids. These lipids can bind to efferocytosis receptors and may compete for apoptotic cell recognition (68).
What is the difference between phagocytosis and efferocytosis?
It is thought that the molecular mechanisms of efferocytosis resembles those of phagocytosis, with the important distinction that the ultimate outcome of phagocytosis is the induction of inflammation and antigen presentation, whereas efferocytosis is immunologically silent.
Is efferocytosis a type of phagocytosis?
Efferocytosis: A Distinct Process Phagocytosis by macrophages has been extensively reviewed [5,6]. Briefly, it is the process by which macrophages capture and engulf small particles or microbes.
How do changes in the efficiency of efferocytosis affect atherosclerosis?
Impaired efferocytosis contributes to atherosclerosis. As a result, foam cells accumulate to promote lesion expansion, and apoptotic tissue undergoes secondary necrosis to accelerate vascular inflammation and lesion instability.
Why is efferocytosis important?
Efferocytosis is a highly conservative physiological process, involving the synergistic regulation of phagocytes and ACs. Effective clearance of ACs should be the ultimate destination of apoptosis, and it is also a key link to prevent inflammation and maintain tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions (8).
What is defective efferocytosis?
Abstract. Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells, termed efferocytosis, critically regulates normal homeostasis whereas defective uptake of apoptotic cells results in chronic and non-resolving inflammatory diseases, such as advanced atherosclerosis.
Why is Efferocytosis important?
What does apoptosis mean in biology?
A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death. This is one method the body uses to get rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. The process of apoptosis may be blocked in cancer cells. Also called programmed cell death.
What happens in necroptosis?
Necroptosis is a regulated necrosis mediated by death receptors [4]. This form of necrosis works against pathogen-mediated infections, morphologically characterized by cell swelling followed by rupturing of plasma membrane.
What is necroptosis in pathology?
Necroptosis is a programmed form of necrosis, or inflammatory cell death. Conventionally, necrosis is associated with unprogrammed cell death resulting from cellular damage or infiltration by pathogens, in contrast to orderly, programmed cell death via apoptosis.
Does efferocytosis directly alter the inflammatory signaling pathways in macrophages?
However, efferocytosis can also directly alter the inflammatory signaling pathways in the engulfing macrophage. Here we will discuss how many of the signals that mediate the three stages of efferocytosis also play important roles in driving the immunomodulatory effects of apoptotic cells on macrophages.
What is the current research on efferocytosis?
Accordingly, a major area of biomedical research is emerging to understand the mechanisms by which efferocytosis is successfully carried out in normal physiology and how it becomes defective in disease.
What is the role of efferocytosis in tissue repair?
Zhang S et al. Efferocytosis fuels requirements of fatty acid oxidation and the electron transport chain to polarize macrophages for tissue repair. Cell Metab. 29, 443–456.e5 (2019).
What is the pathophysiology of efferocytosis in glomerulonephritis?
a| In the autoimmune disease glomerulonephritis, efferocytosis is impaired due to loss of the efferocytosis bridging molecule milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8).