Where does lysophosphatidic acid come from?
Lysophosphatidic acid (1- or 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate/radyl-glycerol-phosphate, LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that is produced during the synthesis of cell membranes and is described as a robust extracellular signaling molecule present in all eukaryotic tissues and blood plasma.
What do Lysophospholipids do?
Lysophospholipid Receptors LPLs elicit cellular responses including promotion of cell survival, mitogenic/antimitogenic regulation of the cell cycle, effects on cell shape and motility, regulation of organotypic differentiation, modulation of immunological responses, and regulation of calcium homeostasis.
Where is LPA produced?
LPA is produced both in cells and biological fluids, where multiple synthetic reactions occur. There are at least two pathways for LPA production. In serum or plasma, LPA is predominantly produced by a plasma enzyme called autotaxin (ATX).
What is LPA biology?
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small, ubiquitous phospholipid that acts as an extracellular signaling molecule by binding to and activating at least five known G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): LPA(1)-LPA(5). They are encoded by distinct genes named LPAR1-LPAR5 in humans and Lpar1-Lpar5 in mice.
What is the function of Plasmalogen?
Plasmalogens (Pls) are one kind of phospholipids enriched in the brain and other organs. These lipids were thought to be involved in the membrane bilayer formation and anti-oxidant function.
How are Lysophospholipids formed?
Lysophospholipids, produced by hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids, also participate in cell signaling. Differently from DAG, lysophospholipids are partially water-soluble and therefore might bind to cytosolic ligands or be secreted and act in autocrine and paracrine signaling.
What is LPA in serum?
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator with multiple biological activities that accounts for many biological properties of serum. LPA is thought to be produced during serum formation based on the fact that the LPA level is much higher in serum than in plasma.
What is liver LPA?
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid with numerous effects, most of them compatible with the hallmarks of cancer (proliferation, migration, invasion, survival, evasion of apoptosis, deregulated metabolism, neoangiogenesis, etc.).
Where is phosphatidylethanolamine found in the plasma membrane?
inner leaflet
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is the second most abundant phospholipid in mammalian cells. PE comprises about 15–25% of the total lipid in mammalian cells; it is enriched in the inner leaflet of membranes, and it is especially abundant in the inner mitochondrial membrane.