What is Pisa syndrome?
Pisa syndrome is defined as a reversible lateral bending of the trunk with a tendency to lean to one side.
What drugs causes Pisa syndrome?
Drugs found to have caused Pisa Syndrome:
- Atypical antipsychotic drugs- ex. clozapine, aripiprazole.
- Tricyclic antidepressants- ex. clomipramine.
- Psychoactive drugs.
- Antiemetic drugs.
- Cholinesterase inhibitors.
- Galantamine.
Can Pisa syndrome be cured?
Although a pharmacological therapy for drug-induced Pisa syndrome has not been established, we have reported that anticholinergic drugs are effective in about 40% of patients who have episodes of Pisa syndrome with the remaining patients responding to the withdrawal or reduction of daily doses of antipsychotic drugs.
Is Pisa syndrome reversible?
Acute/subacute forms are usually reversible if there is early recognition and modification of anti-parkinsonian drugs. Chronic Pisa syndrome can occur in a combined fashion with camptocormia and deteriorate over time. Risk factors include age, female sex, or rapid increase in dosage of neuroleptics.
What causes Camptocormia?
Camptocormia can be due to central nervous system diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, dystonia, multisystem atrophy, or Alzheimer’s disease, due to peripheral nervous system diseases, such as primary myopathy, secondary myopathy, motor neuron disease, myasthenia, or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.
What causes an elderly person to walk bent over?
The backbone or vertebral column is made up of the bones (called vertebra), joint-like spaces called intervertebral discs, and muscles. Age has a pronounced effect on all three and over time the back tends to curve forward resulting in an increasingly stooped posture.
What is perioral tremors?
Rabbit syndrome (perioral tremor) is a form of Parkinsonism, which was initially thought to be a form of TD. This form of Parkinsonism responds well to anticholinergic agents.
How is Pisa syndrome treated?
The cause of Pisa syndrome is unknown, and there are no specific treatments. Patients with PD with Pisa syndrome caused by anti-Parkinson drugs may stop taking the disease-causing drugs or adjust the drug dose, and some patients may be relieved of symptoms.
What is Pisa syndrome in Parkinson’s?
Pisa syndrome, defined as a lateral deviation of the spine with a corresponding tendency to lean to one side, Postural deformities in Parkinson’s disease. Clinical correlates of anterior and lateral flexion of the thoracolumbar spine and dropped head in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
What is the laterality of Pisa syndrome?
Nevertheless, as noted above, in patients with Pisa syndrome, there is no clear laterality as they can either lean towards or away from the side most affected by Parkinson’s disease, suggesting the contribution of factors other than basal ganglia asymmetry in Pisa syndrome development.
What are the diagnostic criteria for Pisa syndrome?
Although no consistent diagnostic criteria for Pisa syndrome are available, most investigations have adopted an arbitrary cutoff of at least 10° of lateral flexion for the diagnosis of the syndrome. Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying Pisa syndrome have not been fully explained.
What is the role of surgery in the treatment of Pisa syndrome?
Aside from its inconclusive role in the management of Pisa syndrome, Parkinson’s disease surgery has been suggested to be responsible for Pisa syndrome in some cases; a long-term follow-up study has shown that patients with Parkinson’s disease treated with either unilateral subthalamotomy