What is anammox used for?
Anammox (Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation) Bacteria combine ammonia and nitrite directly into dinitrogen gas. This allows a new and very efficient treatment possibility of wastewater. Large-scale treatment with the Anammox process is very complex in design, operation and maintenance.
What is the anammox process?
Anammox is the oxidation of ammonium with nitrite as the electron acceptor and dinitrogen gas as the product. The process is mediated by obligately anaerobic chemolithoautotrophic bacteria that form a monophyletic cluster inside the Planctomycetales, one of the major divisions of the Bacteria.
Where is anammox bacteria found?
Anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria are able to oxidize ammonia and reduce nitrite to produce N2 gas. After being discovered in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), anammox bacteria were subsequently characterized in natural environments, including marine, estuary, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.
Why is anammox red?
The specific red color of anammox bacteria (Figure 2(a)) is due to the heme c group of the protein cytochrome c that plays an important role in anammox metabolism [27].
What are the products of anammox?
Anammox is the oxidation of ammonium with nitrite as the electron acceptor and dinitrogen gas as the product.
Is anammox part of the nitrogen cycle?
Anammox, an abbreviation for anaerobic ammonium oxidation, is a globally important microbial process of the nitrogen cycle that takes place in many natural environments.
Who discovered anammox?
In 2001, Mike Jetten established his own group in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, which resulted in a major step up in our joint research. One of the big goals was to obtain the genome sequences of anammox bacteria. As no pure cultures were available, DNA isolated from the Percoll purified culture was used for sequencing.
Is anammox an nitrification?
Partial nitrification-anammox (PN-A) technology has recently received considerable attention for removal of nitrogen from the ammonium-rich wastewater (Connan et al., 2018).
Why do anammox bacteria grow so slow?
Anammox—Growth Physiology, Cell Biology, and Metabolism N bond in hydrazine is catalyzed by hydrazine synthase, a fairly slow enzyme and its low activity possibly explaining the slow growth rates and long doubling times of the organisms.
What is the electron acceptor in anammox?
Anammox bacteria convert ammonium (NH4+) to dinitrogen gas (N2) using intracellular electron acceptors such as nitrite (NO2−) or nitric oxide (NO).
What is Ammonification also known as?
In marine ecology, ammonification is also referred to as ammonium regeneration and ammonium recycling. The term “nitrate ammonification” is sometimes used to refer to the dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (e.g., Rysgaard et al., 1996).
What is Comammox?
Comammox (COMplete AMMonia OXidation) is the name attributed to an organism that can convert ammonia into nitrite and then into nitrate through the process of nitrification.