What is adipokine adiponectin?
Adiponectin is a recently described adipokine that has been recognized as a key regulator of insulin sensitivity and tissue inflammation. It is produced by adipose tissue (white and brown) and circulates in the blood at very high concentrations.
What inhibits adipokine release?
Vitamin D
Vitamin D Inhibits Adipokine Production and Inflammatory Signaling Through the Vitamin D Receptor in Human Adipocytes.
What is the role of Adipocytokines?
All these adipocytokines play significant roles in the regulation of energy metabolism, glucose and lipid metabolism, reproduction, cardiovascular function and immunity.
Which of the following is an adipokine?
Adipokines are factors produced by adipose tissue that affect metabolic homeostasis, satiety, and reproduction. Currently known adipokines include leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin.
What adipokine causes insulin resistance?
Inflammatory responses in adipose tissues become self-generating that eventually leads to increased local and systemic levels of various pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) that are causative for insulin resistance.
What hormone is considered an adipokine?
Adipokines. Adipokines are a family of hormones and cytokines with both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects that are secreted by adipose tissue. Family members include the aforementioned TNF-α and IL-6 (pro-inflammatory), leptin, and adiponectin, among others.
What adipokine increases insulin sensitivity and vascular function?
Omentin. Omentin is a recently discovered adipokine that is produced primarily by PVAT and vascular stromal cells [63]. Metabolically, omentin increases insulin-induced cellular signaling with promotion of insulin sensitivity within the adipose tissue.
Is TNF alpha and adipokine?
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a multifunctional cytokine and adipokine, exerts pleiotropic effects on many cell types and tissues. As an adipokine, this protein negatively regulates many aspects of glucose and lipid metabolism.
What are adiponectin receptors?
Adiponectin, an adipokine secreted by adipocytes, is a well-known homeostatic factor for regulating glucose levels, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity through its anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and antioxidant effects. All these metabolic processes are mediated via two adiponectin receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2.
What is adiponectin (Acrp30)?
Adiponectin was characterized, in 1995, as a protein abundantly secreted by 3T3-L1 adipocytes and present at high plasma concentrations in mice. Adiponectin is also referred to as ACRP30, AdipoQ, apM1, or GBP28.
Does myocyte myocyte expression of adiponectin receptors and PPAR reflect lipid metabolism?
The myocyte expression of adiponectin receptors and PPARδ is highly coordinated and reflects lipid metabolism of the human donors. Exp Diabetes Res. 2011;2011:692536.
How does insulin resistance affect adiponectin secretion?
Insulin resistance causes stress in the endoplasmic reticulum, where the adiponectin multimer is formed, which in turn activates the unfolded protein response, and then suppresses adiponectin synthesis.[74] In addition, obesity-induced inflammation and oxidative stress inhibit adiponectin maturation and secretion.[75]