Which cells express CXCR3?
CXCR3 (GPR9/CD183) is an interferon-inducible chemokine receptor expressed on various cell types, but preferentially monocytes, Th1 T cells, CD8 T cells, NKT cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, and some cancer cells (19–21).
Do Tregs express Tbet?
Though, in inflammatory conditions, Tregs have been shown to upregulate the T helper (Th) type 1-related transcription factor Tbet and to express the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFNγ, thus suggesting that at a certain point of the inflammatory process, Tregs might contribute to inflammation rather than suppress it.
Where is CXCL13 found?
CXCL13 is constitutively expressed in secondary lymphoid tissue (Cyster et al., 2000) primarily by follicular dendritic cells in the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer’s patches (Cyster et al., 2000), whereas CXCR5 is highly expressed in mature B lymphocytes and a subpopulation of follicular B helper T cells (Tfh) …
Where is CXCR5 found?
Tissue distribution and function The BLR1 / CXCR5 gene is specifically expressed in Burkitt’s lymphoma and lymphatic tissues, such as follicles in lymph nodes as well as in spleen. The gene plays an essential role in B cell migration. Through CXCL13 secretions B cells are able to locate the lymph node.
How are chemokines released?
Inflammatory chemokines are produced when inflamed tissue releases cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and they function to recruit leukocytes. Homeostatic chemokines are expressed constitutively and play a key role in lymphocyte migration to, and the development of, lymphoid organs.
How are chemokines activated?
Upon binding to their cognate chemokine ligands, the receptors undergo conformational changes giving rise to activation of intracellular effectors (G proteins or β-arrestins), initiation of signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses.
What does T bet do?
T-bet (Tbx21) is an immune cell transcription factor originally described as the master regulator of Th1 cell development, although is now recognized to have a role in both the adaptive and innate immune systems. T-bet also directs T-cell homing to pro-inflammatory sites by the regulation of CXCR3 expression.
What cells express CXCL13?
Also, CXCL13 is highly expressed in human bone marrow endothelial cells and osteoblasts, but not in osteoclasts, in response to IL-6 treatment.
What is the ligand for CXCR5?
CXCR5 is expressed on all peripheral blood and lymph node B cells as well as on some T cells. Its ligand, CXCL13, is expressed constitutively on follicular HEVs and controls trafficking of CXCR5 positive B and T cells from blood into the follicles.
What is CXCR5 function?