What is sphingolipid metabolism?
Sphingolipid metabolic pathway is an important cellular pathway that represents a highly coordinated system linking together various pathways, where ceramide occupies a central position in both biosynthesis and catabolism, thereby crafting a metabolic hub [9.
What is sphingolipids and its function?
Sphingolipids are enriched in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and display multiple biological functions. They participate in tissue development, cell recognition and adhesion, and act as receptors for toxins.
How sphingolipids are synthesized in the body?
Sphingolipids are synthesized in a pathway that begins in the ER and is completed in the Golgi apparatus, but these lipids are enriched in the plasma membrane and in endosomes, where they perform many of their functions.
Are sphingolipids membrane lipids?
Sphingolipids are major constituents of the plasma membrane, where they are known to form lipid microdomains with cholesterol.
Do sphingolipids have a glycerol backbone?
Sphingolipids are a second type of lipid found in cell membranes, particularly nerve cells and brain tissues. They do not contain glycerol, but retain the two alcohols with the middle position occupied by an amine.
What is sphingolipid biochemistry?
sphingolipid, any member of a class of lipids (fat-soluble constituents of living cells) containing the organic aliphatic amino alcohol sphingosine or a substance structurally similar to it.
What is the function of sphingomyelin?
Cell surface sphingomyelin: key role in cancer initiation, progression, and immune evasion. Cell surface biochemical changes, notably excessive increase in outer leaflet sphingomyelin (SM) content, are important in cancer initiation, growth, and immune evasion.
What are sphingolipids in biochemistry?
Do all sphingolipids have sphingosine backbone?
Sphingolipids are found in all animals, plants, and fungi, and in some prokaryotic organisms and viruses. They are composed of an sphingoid base backbone to which a fatty acid may be attached through an amide bond and a head group at the primary hydroxyl.
Are sphingolipids in the plasma membrane?
Sphingolipids are structural components in the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. Their metabolism produces bioactive signaling molecules that modulate fundamental cellular processes.
What is a sphingolipid give one example?
Sphingolipids attached to a glycan (or a carbohydrate) is referred to as glycosphingolipid. Examples are cerebrosides and gangliosides. Cerebrosides are glycosphingolipids found in the cell membranes of the neurons and the muscle cells.
In this regard, sphingolipid metabolism can be imagined as an array of interconnected networks that diverge from a single common entry point and converge into a single common breakdown pathway. In their simplest forms, sphingosine, phytosphingosine, and dihydrosphingosine serve as the backbones upon which further complexity is achieved.
What is the role of sphingolipids in the pathogenesis of cancer?
Central to the role of sphingolipids in cancer is the fact that ceramide generated through either the de novo/hydrolytic pathway is a proapoptotic molecule and sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide 1 phosphate resist the action of ceramide and promote cell proliferation [81].
How do sphingosine kinases affect sphingolipid metabolism?
Regulation of sphingosine kinase localization within the cell is thought to be the primary mode by which these enzymes acutely affect sphingolipid metabolism since only modest changes in their activity can be detected after stimulation by various agonists [101], [102].
What is the function of LPPs in sphingolipid metabolism?
The LPP family is important for sphingolipid metabolism because they are thought to be the primary mechanism by which extracellular S1P signaling is attenuated ([138], [139]. Overexpression of specific LPPs reduces S1P-dependent signaling events [140], [141].